In Spain, the Spanish index (SACI) could be used for agricultural insurance. More specifically for vine growing and wine production, since producers can insure themselves against hail damage. A study has just been published in 2024 [2] to demonstrate that the SACI is a good predictor, in (quantile regression) models that predict extreme costs rather than average costs, in two specific regions: La Rioja and La Mancha, where several wine producers are concentrated. Such a model could be replicated for other crops sensitive to extreme events, such as corn, which is particularly weakened during heat waves (especially if they combine with droughts) at the time of its pollination [3] . For France, the leading European producer, corn is a particularly important crop (11% of the French agricultural area [4] ).
The interest of an actuarial spain phone number list climate index (ACI) [5] is multiple. It facilitates the assessment of climate risks for policyholders, companies and public authorities. Based on public data, the ACI is easily replicable and contributes effectively to taking into account the consequences of climate change, in all sectors of society's activities.
The French Actuarial Climate Index (ICAF) is first and foremost an educational and popularization tool. This method helps raise awareness among the general public about climate problems, which are increasingly evident. At the same time, and more recently, the inflation of standards has also constrained and complicated our progress in ecological transition. The index is therefore also a vector for general mobilization, because it scientifically validates the evolution of the negative consequences of climate change.
The work carried out by the research teams of CNP Assurances and the DIALog chair [6] makes it possible to provide public and private stakeholders with tools for assessing and analyzing climate risks. The ICAF makes it possible to divide the territory and carry out risk and exposure analyses by region and department. The proposed climate profile maps make it possible to determine supposedly homogeneous climate risk zones. It may also make it possible to adjust new insurance offers which, until now, did not integrate climate changes and the lethality risks they induce.
Finally, the index can strengthen climate change adaptation policies, because it makes it possible to classify risks according to geographical areas and their regional divisions. This new contribution allows decision-makers to identify the most vulnerable areas, in order to develop effective adaptation strategies. Anticipation of future needs, in the most at-risk regions, makes it possible to better insure citizens and prepare cities and infrastructures.