The easiest way to recognize scientific style is by its specific features. They help make the text as informative as possible and at the same time easy to understand for any readers. These features include:
Strict logical presentation . A scientific text should consist of coherent statements that strictly follow each other in meaning. This allows you to achieve consistency of thought, highlight the introduction , main part and conclusions in the article .
Accuracy . The scientific style of speech welcomes objectivity in facts. It is necessary to cite theories and laws, experiments and their results, based on reliable data. For this purpose, citations are often used .
Abstraction and generality . If a word is used, it does not denote a single object, but a general concept. For example, "A philologist should carefully...". This does not mean a specific philologist, but a person with such a profession in general.
In conclusion. What can be written in scientific style
The characteristic features of the scientific style of speech are determined by its main task - to convey information to the addressee, for which it must be presented in an accessible and poland number for whatsapp understandable form. Therefore, the narration is conducted in the form of a dry and unemotional presentation of facts. This applies to both articles for publication in a scientific jIn 1999, the Bologna Process was launched to achieve comparability of standards and quality of higher education qualifications. As a result, 29 European countries signed the Bologna Declaration. Today, Russia is among them. In accordance with the declaration, a three-tier system of qualifications was introduced. However, despite the Bologna system, academic degrees abroad and in Russia are somewhat different.
Types of academic degrees in Russia
Russia joined the Bologna Process in 2003 and since then has also effectively moved to a three-tier structure of higher education, with the exception of some features. Academic degrees in ascending order:
Bachelor (first stage of study). In Russia, this degree requires 4 years of study.
Master's degree (second stage of education). After the bachelor's degree, a student can continue studying in a master's degree program. In Russia, the duration of study is 2 years.
Candidate of Sciences (third stage of study). This academic degree is awarded after postgraduate studies only after completing the previous stages of education.
Doctor of Science. This degree is obtained after completing a doctoral program.
In Russia, there is also a "Specialist" degree, which does not fit into the Bologna system. Here, the duration of study is 5 years. It is worth noting that in Russia, "bachelor" and "master" are only levels of education, needed, among other things, to obtain the titles of "candidate" or "doctor of science". In Europe, similar academic degrees are distinguished by specialization, for example, bachelor and master of law, medicine, philosophy, etc.
Academic degrees according to the Bologna system
Academic degrees in English in the Bologna system are designated as follows: